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Workforce conditions

What does workforce conditions mean?

Workforce conditions refer to the range of factors that influence the working environment and employment experience of individuals within an organisation or sector. They span both the daily workplace reality, such as safety and workload, and legal employment terms like compensation, work schedules, and leave entitlements. They also include access to training and development opportunities that support skills, confidence and competence to adapt and grow while working successfully within the aged care sector. [1]

How are workforce conditions barriers to rights-based care?

Chronic workforce staffing issues, task-based and risk-averse practices, system challenges and limited or inadequate training in human rights, dementia care, person-centred care and other relevant areas are key barriers in embedding a rights-based approach in aged care. [2-9] 

Chronic understaffing, high staff turnover, high workload and time pressures continue to limit opportunities for delivering flexible care that upholds the rights of older people. [2] These conditions further reduce the capacity of staff to engage with residents, provide adequate explanations or support informed decision-making. [3, 5, 6]

Task-oriented care and high workloads lead staff to prioritise task completion and prioritisation of safety instead of older people’s preferences and needs. This diminishes dignity, autonomy, and opportunities for choice and control. [3, 4]

Fragmented systems, highly regulated practice, communication failures and poor accountability contribute to challenges that prioritise efficiency over quality of care. These compromise the protection and promotion of rights and reinforce reactive, incident-driven responses rather than proactive rights-based planning. [5, 6, 8]

Limited understanding and lack of training on human rights and rights-based care approaches, person-centred care, dementia care, supported decision-making and diverse populations weaken the ability of staff to uphold residents’ rights in practice. [4, 7-9]

How are workforce conditions enablers of rights-based care?

Improving workforce conditions in the following ways can help support the implementation of rights-based care. This includes stable staffing, adequate staffing ratios and targeted training in human rights principles, enhance the capacity of staff to support individuals’ preferences, decision-making and wellbeing. [10-17]

Understanding the needs of the workforce, the contextual factors affecting workforce retention and relevant strategies to retain staff are critical to improve retention and stability of the workforce. Improving employment in the aged care sector requires both system-wide and organisational-level action and governance that consider workers’ health and rights in the system. [11] A stable and healthy workforce will enhance the capacity of staff to support older people’s preferences, decision-making and wellbeing. [10, 11] Read more about workforce retention

Embedding human rights principles within education and training frameworks in both system and organisational levels is critical to building awareness and competence among all aged care staff. This enables staff to recognise, respond to and prevent breaches of dignity, autonomy and informed consent, supporting more consistent delivery of rights-based care. [13, 16]

Workforce capacity building, including targeted training in dementia care, ethics and communication, enables staff to apply principles of dignity, empowerment, participation and privacy in care decisionmaking. [14] This supports more holistic and inclusive approaches to care, ensuring that older people’s preferences and boundaries are respected in all aspects of care delivery. [15-17]

What can be done?

Improve workforce staffing levels and stability

Organisations and aged care leaders:

  • Collect and review own data on workforce patterns. Identify patterns, needs, challenges and develop locally contextual retention strategies. 
  • Develop and implement policies that respect and protect workers’ rights. 

The evidence:

  • Detailed data, along with reports and summary datasets from sources collected focused on three key areas: resident care needs, nurse staffing levels, and residents’ rights and qualityofcare indicators. [5]
  • It is important that the Government prioritises the health and safety rights of workers. An explicit policy focus is required to ensure alignment between aged care legislation and work health and safety frameworks, so that worker rights are consistently protected and upheld. [11]

Ensure staff are trained on human rights approaches and principles are applied in care delivery

Organisations and aged care leaders:

  • Provide training on human rights approaches across all levels of care in the organisation. Develop organisational processes that translate rightsbased standards into guidance for everyday activities such as dementia care. 

The evidence:

  • Workforce training in human rights, communication and cultural competence enables the delivery of care that supports resident choice and autonomy. [10, 17]

Ensure tailored communication and supportive relationship practices

Care teams:

  • Tailor communication approaches to individuals and provide information in accessible formats. This may include the use of images or any visual support with clear and simple explanations or materials in different languages. 
  • Focus on strengthening supportive, relationship-based practices by seeking training in relational care, that is, prioritising genuine engagement with older people rather than primarily focusing on task completion.

The evidence:

  • Accessible communication and supportive relationships enable effective decisionmaking in residential aged care. Tailored communication approaches improve understanding and allow residents to make informed choices. [2]

Want to learn more?

Learn more about the Australian aged care workforce here.

Read these documents about workforce stability and retention:

Explore this suite of training and resources from the Australian Government and this training checklist for aged care workers and volunteers.

Explore ARIIA’s Workforce retention topic to learn about the factors and strategies for retention especially in the Australian context and check the short course on Retaining workers in aged care

Check Dementia Australia’s professional development and training courses for organisations and workers. 

  1. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. Working conditions. [cited 2026 May 19]. Available from: https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/topics/working-conditions 
  2. Álvarez-Aguado I, Vega V, Roselló-Peñaloza M, González-Carrasco F, Muñoz La Rivera F, Spencer H, et al. Experiences of self-determination in old age among people with intellectual disabilities institutionalised in Chile: The right to decide does not age. J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2025:1-13. 
  3. Guan X, Duan AM, Xin GK, Oyebode J, Liu Y. Barriers and facilitators to implementing person-centred dementia care in long-term care facilities in western and asian countries: A scoping review. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15:1523501. 
  4. Güney S, Karadağ A, El-Masri M. Perceptions and experiences of person-centered care among nurses and nurse aides in long term residential care facilities: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Geriatr Nurs. 2021;42(4):816-824.
  5. Harrington C, Edelman TS. Failure to meet nurse staffing standards: A litigation case study of a large US nursing home chain. Inquiry. 2018;55:46958018788686. 
  6. Harrington C, Mollot R, Edelman TS, Wells J, Valanejad D. U.S. Nursing home violations of international and domestic human rights standards. Int J Health Serv. 2020;50(1):62-72. 
  7. Hafford-Letchfield T, Simpson P, Willis PB, Almack K. Developing inclusive residential care for older lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) people: An evaluation of the care home challenge action research project. Health Soc Care Community. 2018;26(2):e312-e320. 
  8. Sinclair C, Field S, Blake M, Radoslovich H. An examination of organisational policies for healthcare and lifestyle decision-making among Australian aged care providers. Australas J Ageing. 2019;38 Suppl 2:90-97. 
  9. Kim SK, Park M. Effectiveness of person-centered care on people with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:381-397. 
  10. Morrison-Dayan R. Social participation in Australian residential aged care: A human rights perspective. Australas J Ageing. 2024;43(2):403-408. 
  11. Martain S. Workers’ health and safety rights in the marketised aged care system in Australia. Labour and Industry. 2025;35(1):59-79.
  12. Dogan EIK, Raustøl A, Terragni L. Student nurses' views of right to food of older adults in care homes. Nurs Ethics. 2020;27(3):754-766.
  13. Tarzia L, Fetherstonhaugh D, Bauer M, Beattie E, Nay R. "We have to work within the system!": Staff perceptions of organizational barriers to decision making for older adults with dementia in Australian aged care facilities. Res Gerontol Nurs. 2015;8(6):286-292. 
  14. Flanagan KJ, Olsen HM, Conway E, Keyzer P, Buys L. It depends on what the meaning of the word ‘person’ is: Using a human rights-based approach to training aged-care workers in person-centred care.J. Ageing Longev. 2025; 5(3).
  15. Barry L, Parsons R. Striking the balance: Applying a human rights approach to consent for people with dementia in residential aged care. Griffith Journal of Law & Human Dignity. 2023;11(1).
  16. Dogan EIK, Terragni L, Raustøl A. Human rights and nutritional care in nurse education: Lessons learned. Nurs Ethics. 2022;29(4):915-926. 
  17. Han F, Zheng K. Personal space privacy for residents in eldercare facilities: A systematic review of interventions and implementation challenges. J Aging Env. 2025:1-22. 
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